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Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union
The Industrial and Commercial Union (ICU) was a trade union and mass based popular political movement in southern Africa. It was influenced by the syndicalist politics of the Industrial Workers of the World (adopting the IWW Preamble in 1925), as well as by Garveyism, Christianity, and liberalism.〔''Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism (Counter-Power vol. 1)'', by Lucien van der Walt and Michael Schmidt, AK Press, 2009, p. 273.〕
==Origins==
The original ICU was founded in Cape Town in 1919.〔Chris Saunders, 'Pan-Africanism: The Cape Town Case', ''Journal of Asian and African Studies'', June 2012 47: 291–300, doi:10.1177/0021909611428055〕 Later that year it held a famous joint strike on the docks with the syndicalist Industrial Workers of Africa, a black-based union modelled on the syndicalist Industrial Workers of the World. In 1920 the two unions merged with a number of other emergent black and Coloured-based unions into an expanded ICU with the stated aim of "creating one great union" of workers south of the Zambezi river i.e. spanning Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
The ICU has been described as "one of the most radical movements ever seen in Southern Africa."〔Bradford, Helen. ''A Taste of Freedom.'' Raven Press, 1987.〕 Visiting American and Caribbean sailors played a key role in the introduction of both Garveyite and syndicalist ideas. The ICU remained active in Zimbabwe into the 1950s as the Reformed Industrial Commercial Union (RICU), but had declined elsewhere by the end of the 1930s.〔van der Walt, L., (''The First Globalisation and Transnational Labour Activism in Southern Africa : white labourism, the IWW and the ICU, 1904–1934'' ), 2007.〕
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